Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)

Molecular characterization of duck enteritis virus CHv strain UL49.5 protein and its colocalization with glycoprotein M

The UL49.5 gene of most herpesviruses is conserved and encodes glycoprotein N. However, the UL49.5 protein of duck enteritis virus (DEV) (pUL49.5) has not been reported. In the current study, the DEV pUL49.5 gene was first subjected to molecular characterization. To verify the predicted intracellular localization of gene expression, the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1/pUL49.5 was constructed and used to transfect duck embryo fibroblasts. Next, the recombinant plasmid pDsRed1-N1/glycoprotein M (gM) was produced and used for co-transfection with the pEGFP-C1/pUL49.5 plasmid to determine whether DEV pUL49.5 and gM (a conserved protein in herpesviruses) colocalize. DEV pUL49.5 was thought to be an envelope glycoprotein with a signal peptide and two transmembrane domains. This protein was also predicted to localize in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum with a probability of 66.7%. Images taken by a fluorescence microscope at different time points revealed that the DEV pUL49.5 and gM proteins were both expressed in the cytoplasm. Overlap of the two different fluorescence signals appeared 12 h after transfection and continued to persist until the end of the experiment. These data indicate a possible interaction between DEV pUL49.5 and gM.

[Molecular surveillance of avian influenza virus in domestic ducks: a provincial study]

In the first time, avian Influenza [AI] infection, subtype H9N2, was isolated from chicken in 1988 in Qazvin province and since then has become endemic in Iran. Waterfowls, such as wild ducks, are natural reservoirs for all types of influenza A viruses and cause virus circulation in environment and poultry population. In 2006, Iranian Veterinary Organization confirmed that 135 dead swans in Gilan province were positive for H5N1 avian influenza virus. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of domestic ducks in avian influenza virus circulation [subtypes: H5, H7 and H9] in Gilan province during 2010-2011 through molecular surveillance techniques. 550 cloacal swabs from Mallard and Pekin ducks were tested in rural areas of Shaft and Fouman cities. Meanwhile a breeding farm in Gilan was tested by RT-PCR assay for detection of AI virus subtypes [H5, H7 and H9] according to OIE protocols. We did not detect AI viral RNA in 550 samples which were tested for type A and subtypes H5 and H7. While waterfowls could have a crucial role in emergence of new influenza virus strains, no AI viral RNA mentioned subtypes was detected for the mentioned subtypes. These findings could be due to restrict control programs following 2006 AI outbreak in the mentioned region. However, surveillance programs for monitoring AI viruses need to be continuously performed

Comparative analysis of the genes UL1 through UL7 of the duck enteritis virus and other herpesviruses of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae

The nucleotide sequences of eight open reading frames (ORFs) located at the 5' end of the unique long region of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) Clone-03 strain were determined. The genes identified were designated UL1, UL2, UL3, UL4, UL5, UL6 and UL7 homologues of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The DEV UL3.5 located between UL3 and UL4 had no homologue in the HSV-1. The arrangement and transcription orientation of the eight genes were collinear with their homologues in the HSV-1. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the alignments of the deduced amino acids of eight proteins with their homologues in 12 alpha-herpesviruses. In the UL1, UL3, UL3.5, UL5 and UL7 proteins trees, the branches were more closely related to the genus Mardivirus. However, the UL2, UL4, and UL6 proteins phylogenetic trees indicated a large distance from Mardivirus, indicating that the DEV evolved differently from other viruses in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and formed a single branch within this subfamily.

Some studies on Avian Influenza in Egypt I. Experimental trial for evaluation of humoral immunity of vaccinated chickens and ducks with different commercial Avian Influenza vaccines

In experimental study to evaluate the L potency of 6 types of inactivated [Avian influenza vaccines] [one H5N1 and five H5N2] administered at 7 days old chickens as well as to evaluate the potency of 2 types of inactivated Al-vaccines [one H5N1 and one 115N2] administered at 7 days old ducklings with full dose [0.5 cm s/c]. The results revealed that these vaccines were different; all gave mean Haemagglutination inhibition titer varied from 2 to 5.9 log 2 along 5weeks post vaccination using homologous and heterologous antigens. These results declared that once vaccination not enough for the protection HI level against the circulating challenge viruses